Etaloning, fluorescence and ambient light suppression by modulated wavelength Raman spectroscopy

We demonstrate that wavelength modulation overcomes frequent obstacles for in situ and in vivo implementations of Raman spectroscopy, namely autofluorescence, removal of the system transmission function including etaloning as well as compensation of ambient light. It is the method of choice for Raman measurements of samples with high background under ambient light conditions such as real-time assessment of tissues in the operating theatre.