Bringing together researchers, funders, industry partners, and publishers from 14 countries across five continents, we advance the debate around open-science, assessment and learning. We introduce an integrative “open-knowledge system” framework linking knowledge production, validation, assessment, and reuse into one ecosystem view, and translate it into actionable recommendations for each stakeholder. Shifting focus to modular, machine-readable knowledge objects, these recommendations are intended to help diagnose misaligned incentives and guide reforms that properly value all scientific contributions.